Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Proposal Essay Correctional inmates engage in drug-related and sexual risk behaviors, and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases occurs in correctional facilities. However, there is uncertainty about the extent of transmission, and hyperbolic descriptions of its extent may further stigmatize inmates and elicit punitive responses. Whether infection was acquired within or outside correctional facilities, the prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases is much higher among inmates than among those in the general community, and the burden of disease among inmates and releases is disproportionately heavy. A comprehensive response is needed, including voluntary counseling and testing on request that is linked to high-quality treatment, disease prevention education, substance abuse treatment, and discharge planning and transitional programs for releases. General area being studied Sexual activity among inmates is a complex phenomenon that occurs along a continuum, from the entirely consensual to the violently coerced. The New York Times detailed a gang-run system of sexual slavery in a Texas prison, where at least 1 gay inmate claimed he was bought and sold numerous times and â€Å"forced into oral sex and anal sex on a daily basis. 9 Recent federal legislation called for research into the prevalence and patterns of rape and other sexual victimization within correctional facilities to inform policy changes aimed at controlling these abuses. 9 A Human Rights Watch report presented accounts of sexual slavery from inmates in Texas, Illinois, Michigan, California, and Arkansas and asserted that sexual victimization threatens inmates’ essential human rights. Importance of the studied area Conditions vary widely between correctional facilities and among these conditions is an opportunity for inmates to engage in sexual activity and drug use. Despite the denials of many correctional administrators, sexual activity and illicit drug use do take place in prisons and jails. A survey of inmates in a southeastern state prison system estimated that, on average, 44% of the inmates had sexual contact with other inmates. 1 Studies of US correctional systems published between 1982 and 2002 found that anywhere from 2% to 65% of inmates had homosexual contact while incarcerated. Studies of incoming, current, and former inmates in New York City, Illinois, Canada, Hungary, Thailand, and many other countries showed the prevalence and the riskiness of inmates’ sexual and drug use behaviors. 2–7 Because of the general lack of condoms and sterile needles/syringes, such behavior may involve greater risk within correctional facilities than on the outside. 8 Stated Problem During the early years of the AIDS epidemic, prisons and jails were commonly called breeding grounds for AIDS. Such statements are still made today. A Google search on May 19, 2005, of the terms breeding ground AND HIV AND prisons yielded more than 800 entries from newspapers, United Nations agencies, AIDS activist groups, and human rights organizations around the world. However intended, such opinions imply that unprotected sex and the sharing of drug injection equipment are rampant in prisons and that these activities commonly result in the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Background of problem Overall, there are uncertainties about the extent and the nature of infectious disease transmission within correctional facilities. Some of the aforementioned studies reached qualitative conclusions about the extent of transmission that are not supported by their analyses. Moreover, even when studies estimated the annual incidence of infection among inmates, the meaning and significance of such figures are not clear. On its face, an annual incidence rate of 0. 5% seems low. Yet, if such rates are applied to the total prison population, or even to that proportion of prisoners who engage in high-risk sexual or drug use behaviors, they may translate into substantial numbers of infections. However, even such numbers do not justify the use of metaphors such as â€Å"breeding ground† to characterize correctional facilities. Although some inmates are clearly being infected as a result of drug-related and sexual risk behaviors while incarcerated, the vast majority of cases among inmates probably are the result of exposure while in the general community. Sexually transmitted diseases are known to be more prevalent in correctional facilities. Although, sexual activity is prohibited in prisons sex acts still takes place. Transmitted diseases are higher among jail and prison population because inmates do not have access to condoms. Correctional facilities see giving condoms to inmates as encouraging homosexuality. However, numerous local screening studies and several national literature reviews reveal that women specifically girls in juvenile facilities and women in adult correctional facilities are more likely to have a sexually transmitted disease than men in these type facilities (Hammett, 2009). According, to the HIV and Aids Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Incarceration, among Women National and Southern perspectives study; the prevalence of HIV and other Sexually transmitted diseases are higher amongst female than male population in jail and prison facilities. This study advises the infectious disease HIV is three percent to two percent nationally. However HIV is found to be more common among prisoners released from correctional facilities in the south. In 1999 twenty six percent of people living with HIV were released from prison or jail that year. The study also reflects fifteen percent of women with HIV were correctional releases; the study also suggests that incarceration rates are higher in the south than majority of other regions and most women with HIV are poor African American women from rural areas (Hammett, 2009). However, one must ask themselves does this study reflect inmates going in to serve a sentence or inmates being released from prison. Because there are several ways in which males can contract HIV.

The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political

In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34). The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34).

Marketing Campaigns and Ethical Perspectives

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Session: 3 Subject: The Social and Ethical Perspective of Entrepreneurship Case: A Friend For Life The Glades Company is a small manufacturer. It has produces and marketed a number of different toys and appliances that have done very well in the marketplace. Late last year, the product designer at the company, Tom Bringer, told the President, Paula Glades, that he had invented a small, cuddly, talking bear that might have a great deal of appeal. The bear is made of fluffy brown material that stimulate our, and it had a tape inside that contains 50 messages.The Glades Company decided to find out exactly how much market appeal the bear would have. Fifty of the bears were produced and placed In the kindergartens and nurseries around town. The results were better than the firm had hoped. One of the nurseries reported: â€Å"The bear was so popular that most of the children wanted to take it home for an evening. † Another said the bear was the most t oy in the school. Based on these data, the company decided to manufacture and market 1,000 of the bears. At the same time, a catchy marketing slogan was formulated: â€Å"A Friend For Life. The bear was marketed as a product a child could play with for years and years. The first batch of 1,000 bears sold out within a week. The company then scheduled another production run, this time 25,000 bears. Last week. In the middle of the production run, a problem was uncovered. The process of making the bear fur was much more expensive than anticipated. The company Is now faced with two options: It can absorb the extra cost and have the simulated fur produced, or It can use a bustiest fur that will not last as long.Specifically, the Orlando simulated fur will last for up to seven years of normal use: the less expensive simulated fur will last for only eight months. Some of the managers at Glade believe that most children are not interested in playing with the same toy for more than eight mon ths; therefore, substituting the less-expensive simulated for the more expensive fur should be no problem. Others believe that the company will damage its reputation if it have opts for the substitute fur.We are going to have complaints within eight months, and we are going to repent the day we agreed to a cheaper substitute,† the production manager argues. The sales manager disagrees, contending that â€Å"the market Is ready for this product, and we ought to provide It. † In the middle of this crawls, the accounting department Issued Its cost analysis of the venture. If the company goes with the more expensive simulated fur, it will lose $ 2. 75 per bear. If it chooses the less-expensive simulated The final decision on the matter rests with Paula Glades.People on both sides of the issue have given her their opinion. One of the last to speak was the vice president of manufacturing, who said â€Å"If you opt for the less expensive fur, think of what it is going to do t o your marketing campaign of ‘A Friend For Life. ‘ Are you going to change the slogan to ‘ A Friend For Eight Months'? † But the marketing vice president argued a different course of action: â€Å"We have a fortune tied up in this bear. If you stop production now or go to the more-expensive substitute, we'll lose or shirts. We aren't owing anything illegal by substituting the fur.The bear looks the same. Who's to Questions for discussion: 1 . Is the recommendation of the vice president marketing legal? Is it ethical? Why or why not? The marketing vice president has recommended that production continue using the substitute fur. While this is not illegal, since there are no laws specifically governing what type of simulated fur is used, it is unethical to delude the public into thinking the product is of high quality when the material is actually of low quality. Especially nice the company knows exactly what it is doing in trading away good faith and trust for the sake of profits. . Would it be ethical if the firm used the less expensive simulated fur but did not change its slogan of â€Å"A Friend For Life† and did not tell the buyer about the change in the production process? Why or why not? No, it would not be ethical since the firm had already produced 26,000 bears with the higher quality simulated fur that lasts seven years. The continued production of bears under the same slogan â€Å"A Friend for Life† but with lower-quality simulated fur expected to last only eight months is consumer fraud.Thus, while the legal question may be debated as to the actual fraud, the ethics question is not debatable. This is a prime example of disregard for ethics. 3. If you were advising Paula, What would you recommend? As an adviser to Paula, you should utilize Table 6. 3, which illustrates the various approaches to management ethics. The column dealing with â€Å"moral management† explains the different aspects of ethics concer ned with motives, goals, orientation to the law, and strategy.The strategy segment especially applies to Paula in that she must assume a leadership role when ethical dilemmas arise. In dealing with consumers, enlightened self- interest means that by having concern for others will find that either full disclosure to†¦ One of the most important attributes for small business success, is the distinguishing quality of practicing admirable business ethics. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company's culture and can mean the difference between success and failure

Mudarabah Definition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Finance Essay Type Assignment Level High school Did you like this example? Whats Mudarabah? It is a kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing in a commercial enterprise. The investment comes from the first partner who is called Rab-ul-Maal while the management and work is an exclusive responsibility of the other, who is called Mudarib and the profits generated are shared in a predetermined ratio (Aziz, 2012 pg 7). Types of Mudarabah Restricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Muqayyadah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal is identifying particular business or a particular place for theMudarib, in the case that he shall invest the money in (Chowdhry, 2016 pg. 5) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mudarabah Definition" essay for you Create order Types of Mudarabah Unrestricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Mutlaqah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal provides full freedom toMudarib to undertake whatever business he considers, HoweverMudarib cannot lend money to anyone or do any extraordinary work without the approval ofRab-ul-Maal. He is also not authorized to: Keep another Mudarib or a partner. Mix his own investment in that particular Mudarabah without the consent ofRab-ul-Maal (Anwar, 2011 pg. 30). Business case Durrat Al Bahrain is considered as a hallmark resort island city, Located on the south coast of Bahrain. Offerings over 2000 beachfront villas, 3600 executive apartments and offices, luxury hotels and spa resorts, parks and entertainment (Ma, 2009 pg. 12). On 2003 Development of Durrat Khaleej Al-Bahrain Project launched. Its a US$ 6 billion joint development project owned by the Government of Bahrain and Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain). Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain) owning equal shares (50%) with the Government of Kingdom of Bahrain (Manap, 2017 pg. 10) Transaction Structure 1. Project Feasible study Collection capital Sharing Profit/ Loss Marketing project CBB Insurance Approve project Risk management department evaluate proposed project, and draw scenarios, backup plan. Presented project to CBB insurance for approval, and risk assessment. CBB hold project forecasted capital as guarantee, to reduce risk of project failure and to protect investors. Collecting and marketing project, through adding expected profit from the project. Made will be shared between the capital provider and the entrepreneur according to an agreed ratio, where both parties share in profits and only capital provider bears all the losses if occurred (Nisar, 2007 pg. 31). Why Mudarabah was successful? Low Participation in Profit Loss Sharing Arrangement: They studied the market too well and they considered offering an affordable and realistic rate to the buyers. It is the most secure product based on the feasibility studies that they have done (Nuruzzaman, 2013 pg. 32) The real state projects are always welcome and on high demand in the gulf. Advantages of Mudarabah Although this Quranic verse do not addresses straight forward the validity of mudaraba, it has been interpreted to include the intention of trading and seeking permissible income (Sadique, 2009 pg. 12) Basically, the wordmudarabat/ is derived from the Arabic word Daraba/ Which meansto strike. In Islamic Jurisprudence, mudarabat/ is such trade or business of partnership in which one party provides toanother party the capital and that other party carries on the business. Like all other trade and business the object of this business is also to earn profit by dong a business which isnot prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of? Riba involves. When at the end the business earns profitthe same is distributed among the partners according to thealready agreed conditions. Thusmu darabat/ is akind of Partnership (Shir a kat) in which one partyinvests money and the other party puts his services. Advantages of Mudarabah Earn profit by doing a business which is not prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of Riba involves. When at the end of the business earns profit the same is distributed among the partners according to the already agreed conditions (Khan, 2016 pg. 11) It assists in financial inclusion. Reducing the impact of harmful products and practices. It promotes the principle of financial justice Encouraging stability in investments. Accelerating economic development. Disadvantages (limitation) of Mudarabah Due to greater complexities of Islamic bank transactions, they face a greater difficulties in recognizing and handling risks as compare with a conventional bank. It is difficult to expand a business financed through Mudarabah because of limited opportunities to re-invest retained earnings and/or raising additional funds. TheMudarib cannot become the sole owner of the project except through diminishing Musharakah, which may take a long time PLS (Khaled, 2011 pg. 9) Reference List Anwar, M., 2011. Development Of Mudarabah Instruments: Understanding Their Profitability, Securitization And Negotiability Aspects. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 9(2). Aziz, F., Anjam, M., Fahim, S.M. and Saleem, F., 2012. Mudarabah in Islamic Finance: A Critical Analysis of Interpretation Implications. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5), pp.1236-1243. Chowdhry, S., 2016. Creating an Islamic microfinance model: the missing dimension. Dinar Standard: Business Strategies for the Muslim World. Khaled, M., 2011, June. Building a successful business model for Islamic microfinance. In Global Microcredit Summit Commissioned Workshop Paper. Khan, M.A., 2012. Types of Business Organisation in an Islamic Economy. Quill Publishers. Ma, I.Z.L., 2009. How Islamic Banking System work and operate in Malaysia/Isa Ma Zi Liang (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaya). Manap, A., Hanna, S. and Siththi, F., 2017. Poverty Alleviation via Microfinance using the Concept of Mudharabah.? International journal of management and applied research, 4(3), pp.188-178. Nisar, S., 2007. Islamic Bonds (Sukuk): its introduction and application. Electronic Article at: www. financeinislam. com. Nuruzzaman, M., 2013. Politics, economics and Saudi military intervention in Bahrain. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), pp.363-378. Sadique M.A., 2009. Essentials of Musharakah and Mudarabah: Islamic texts on theory of partnership. IIUM Press.

Value Added Tax And Implementing China Essay - 2371 Words

ACCT 498-Capstone paper Qiming Wang 9/11/2016 Value Added Tax and Implementation in China Introduction As a type of consumption tax, as of January 1 2014, 164 countries employ a Value-added Tax in the world. All Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) members except the United States now applied VAT. According to the research by OECD committee, consumption tax was a large source of tax revenues, and â€Å"the VAT accounted on average for 6.6% of GDP and 19.5% in total tax revenues in OECD countries in 2012,† which was the largest proportion (â€Å"Consumption tax trends 2014†). To become familiar with the performance and importance of the VAT, leaning the meaning and implementation of VAT in a specific country would be a effective way to know why VAT developed rapidly in the worldwide in contemporary society. Brief History of Value Added Tax A value-added tax is a type of consumption tax that is placed on a product whenever value is added at a stage of production and at final sale. The value added tax applies to all economic activities involving the production and distribution of goods and the provision of services. According to European Commission’s definition, Value Added Tax is a general based consumption tax charged on the value added to each stage of goods and services (â€Å"What is VAT?†). The idea of Value-added Tax was introduced by Dr. Wilhelm von Siemens, a German industrialist who proposed the concept of the VAT. The key concept of Von Siemens’s idea wasShow MoreRelatedChin The World s Largest Producer Of Coke816 Words   |  4 PagesCoke Industry China is the world’s largest producer of coke, and there is evidence that China has for the last decade manipulated production and prices. 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However, it was withdrawn in the following year. In 2009, GST was revived with a proposed rate of 4% to replace current Sales Tax of 10% and Service Tax of 5% in a bid to diversify national revenues. However, the idea of GST still end up floating around as it has now been officially deferred. 2. Concept of GST Goods and Service Tax (GST), also known as Value Added Tax (VAT), is a broad

My Own Model Or Guideline I Learned At The University Of...

My own model is crafted from another model or guideline I learned about in my undergraduate program here at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It involved eight steps and resonated with me because it was very simple, yet very effective. I have frequently used these steps in my two jobs outside of school as a PSR/BST worker in the community and as a graduate assistant at the PRACTICE. The first and easiest step I use is identifying the problem(s). The second step is to identify and brainstorm the potential issues involved. Third, would be looking at the ethical code or any guidelines that may be involved. Fourth, is to consider any laws and regulations involved. The fifth guideline is to seek any consultation or supervision if it is possible at that time. Sixth, is to brainstorm possible courses of action alone or with a supervisor or if unsure with a supervisor. Seventh, is to enumerate the consequences of the various decisions or on other words look at the pros and cons of this decision. And the eighth and final guideline, is to come to a final decision by taking the best course of action at that time. I believe that this model is a good starting point for moving towards and developing my own hermeneutic model. Looking further into my current model I will describe an ethical situation that occurred recently at the PRACTICE and use my favorite model to describe each step involved. The situation began with a client who walked into my job at the

Marco Polo Essay Example For Students

Marco Polo Essay Marco Polo is one of the most well-known heroic travelers and traders around the world. In my paper I will discuss with you Marco Polos life, his travels, and his visit to China to see the great Khan. Marco Polo was born in c. 1254 in Venice. He was a Venetian explorer and merchant whose account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the European image of the Far East until the late 19th century. Marcos father, Niccol, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled to China (1260-69) as merchants. When they left (1271) Venice to return to China, they were accompanied by 17-year-old Marco and two priests. Early Life Despite his enduring fame, very little was known about the personal life of Marco Polo. It is known that he was born into a leading Venetian family of merchants. He also lived during a propitious time in world history, when the height of Venices influence as a city-state coincided with the greatest extent of Mongol conquest of Asia(Li Man Kin 9). Ruled by Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire stretched all the way from China to Russia and the Levant. The Mongol hordes also threatened other parts of Europe, particularly Poland and Hungary, inspiring fear everywhere by their bloodthirsty advances. Yet the ruthless methods brought a measure of stability to the lands they controlled, opening up trade routes such as the famous Silk Road. Eventually ,the Mongols discovered that it was more profitable to collect tribute from people than to kill them outright, and this policy too stimulated trade(Hull 23). Into this favorable atmosphere a number of European traders ventured, including the family of Marco Polo. The Polos had long-established ties in the Levant and around the Black Sea: for example, they owned property in Constantinople, and Marcos uncle, for whom he was named, had a home n Sudak in the Crimea(Rugoff 8). From Sudak, around 1260, another uncle, Maffeo, and Marcos father, Niccol, made a trading visit into Mongol territory, the land of the Golden Horde(Russia), ruled by Berke Khan. While they were there, a war broke out between Berke and the Cowan of Levant , blocking their return home. Thus Niccol and Maffeo traveled deeper into mongol territory, moving southeast to Bukhara, which was ruled by a third Cowan. While waiting there, they met an emissary traveling farther eastward who invited them to accompany him to the court of the great Cowan, Kublai, in Cathay(modern China). In Cathay, Kublai Khan gave the Polos a friendly reception, appointed them his emissaries to the pope, and ensured their safe travel back to Europe(Steffof 10). They were to return to Cathay with one hundred learned men who could instruct the Mongols in the Christian religion and the liberal arts. In 1269, Niccol and Maffeo Polo arrived back in Venice, where Niccol found out his wife had died while he was gone(Rugoff 5). Their son, Marco, who was only about fifteen years old, had been only six or younger when his father left home:thus; Marco was reared primarily by his mother and the extended Polo family-and the streets of Venice. After his mothers death, Marco had probably begun to think of himself as something of a orphan(Rugoff 6). Then his father and uncle suddenly reappeared, as if from the dead, after nine years of traveling in far-off, romantic lands. These experiences were the formative influences on young Marco, and one can see their effects mirrored in his character: a combination of sensitivity and toughness, independence and loyalty, motivated by an eagerness for adventure, a love of stories, and a desire to please or impress(Li Man Kin 10). Lifes Work In 1268, Pope Clement IV died, and a two- or three-year delay while nother pope was being elected gave young Marco time to mature and to absorb the tales of his father and uncle. Marco was seventeen years old when he, his father and uncle finally set out for the court of Kublai Khan(Stefoff 13). .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .postImageUrl , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:hover , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:visited , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:active { border:0!important; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:active , .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4 .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bbf970351337e4faffa43afd5008cc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The HIV (Hull 29). On the way to the khans court, Marco had the opportunity to complete his education. The journey took three and a half years by horseback through some of the worlds most rugged terrain, including snowy mountain ranges, such as the Pamirs, and parching deserts, such as the Gobi. Marco and his party encountered such hazards as wild beasts and rigands; they also met with beautiful women, in whom young Marco took a special interest. The group traveled numerous countries and cultures, noting food, dress, and religion unique to each(Li Man Kin 17). In particular, under the khanss protection the Polos were able to observe a large portion of the Islamic world at close range, as few if any European Christians had. By the time they reached the khans court in Khanbalik, Marco had become a hardened traveler. He had also received a unique education and had been initiated into manhood. Kublai Khan greeted the Polos warmly and invited them to stay on in his court. Here, if Marcos account is to be believed, the Polos became great favorites of the khan, and Kublai eventually made Marco one of his most trusted emissaries(Great Lives from History 16765). On these points Marco has been accused of gross exaggeration, and the actual status of the Polos at the court of the khan is much disputed. If at first it appears unlikely that Kublai would make young Marco an emissary, upon examination this seems quite reasonable. For political reasons, the khan was in the habit of appointing foreigners to administer conquered lands, particularly China, where the tenacity of the Chinese bureaucracy was legendary. The khan could also observe for himself that young Marco was a good candidate. Finally, Marco reported back so successfully from his fist mission-informing the khan not only on business details but also on colorful customs and other interesting trivia-that his further appointment was confirmed. The journeys specifically mentioned in Marcos book, involving travel across China and a sea voyage to India, suggests that the khan did indeed trust him with some of the most difficult missions(Rugoff 25). The Polos stayed on for seventeen years, another indication of how valued they were in the khans court. Marco, his father, and his uncle not only survived-itself an achievement amid the political hazards of the time-but also prospered(Great Lives from History 1678). Apparently, the elder Polos carried on their trading while Marco was performing his missions; yet seventeen years is a long time to trade without returning home to family and friends. According to Macro, because the khan held them in such high regard, he would not let them return home, but as the khan aged the Polos began to fear what would happen after his death(Hull 18). Finally an opportunity to leave presented itself when trusted missaries were needed to accompany a Mongol princess on a wedding voyage by sea to Persia, where she was promised to the local khan. The Polos sailed from Cathay with a fleet of fourteen ships and a wedding party of six hundred people, not counting the sailors. Only a few members of the wedding entourage survived the journey of almost two years, but luckily the survivors included the Polos and the princess. Fortunately, too, the Polos duly delivered the princess not to the old khan of Persia, who had meanwhile died, but to his son(Li Man Kin 21). From Persia, the Polos made their way back to Venice. .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .postImageUrl , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:hover , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:visited , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:active { border:0!important; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:active , .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99fa0a7beaeda355ece1e27aa3189afd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Longfellows Optimism In Writin EssayThey were robbed s soon as they got into Christian territory, but they still managed to reach home in 1295, with plenty of rich goods. According to Giovanni Battista Ramusio, one of the early editors of Marcos book, the Polos strode into Venice looking like rugged Mongols(Stefoff 17). Having thought them dead, their relatives at first did not recognize them, then were astounded, and then were disgusted by their shabby appearance. Yet, according to Ramusio, the scorn changed to delight when the returned travelers invited everyone to a homecoming banquet, ripped apart their old clothes, and let all the hidden jewels clatter to the able(Gre at Lives from History 1676). The rest of the world might have learned little about the Polos travels if fate had not intervened in Marcos life. In his early forties, Marco was not yet ready to settle down. Perhaps he was restless for further adventure, or perhaps he felt obliged to fulfill his civic duties to his native city-state. In any event, he became involved in naval warfare between Venetians and their trading rivals, the Genoese, and was captured. In 1298, the great traveler across Asia and emissary of the khan found himself rotting in a prison in Genoa-an xperience that could have ended tragically but instead took a lucky turn. In prison Marco met a man named Rustichello from Persia, who was a writer of romances(Stefoff 21). To pass the time, Marco dictated his observations about Asia to Rustichello, who, in writing them down, probably employed the Italianized Old French that was the language of medieval romances. Their book was soon circulating, since Marco remained in prison only a year or so, very likely gaining his freedom when the Venetians and Genoese made peace in 1299(Rugoff 32). After his prison experience, Marco was content to lead a quiet life in Venice with the rest of his family and bask in his almost instant literary fame. He married Donata Badoer, a member of the Venetian aristocracy. eventually grew up to marry nobles. Thus Marco seems to have spent the last part of his life moving in Venetian aristocratic circles. After living what was then a long life, Marco died in 1324, only seventy years of age. In his will he left most of his modest wealth to his three daughters, a legacy that included goods which he had brought back from Asia. His will also set free a Tartar slave, who had remained with him since his return from the court of the great khan(Li Man Kin 25).