Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Proposal Essay Correctional inmates engage in drug-related and sexual risk behaviors, and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases occurs in correctional facilities. However, there is uncertainty about the extent of transmission, and hyperbolic descriptions of its extent may further stigmatize inmates and elicit punitive responses. Whether infection was acquired within or outside correctional facilities, the prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases is much higher among inmates than among those in the general community, and the burden of disease among inmates and releases is disproportionately heavy. A comprehensive response is needed, including voluntary counseling and testing on request that is linked to high-quality treatment, disease prevention education, substance abuse treatment, and discharge planning and transitional programs for releases. General area being studied Sexual activity among inmates is a complex phenomenon that occurs along a continuum, from the entirely consensual to the violently coerced. The New York Times detailed a gang-run system of sexual slavery in a Texas prison, where at least 1 gay inmate claimed he was bought and sold numerous times and â€Å"forced into oral sex and anal sex on a daily basis. 9 Recent federal legislation called for research into the prevalence and patterns of rape and other sexual victimization within correctional facilities to inform policy changes aimed at controlling these abuses. 9 A Human Rights Watch report presented accounts of sexual slavery from inmates in Texas, Illinois, Michigan, California, and Arkansas and asserted that sexual victimization threatens inmates’ essential human rights. Importance of the studied area Conditions vary widely between correctional facilities and among these conditions is an opportunity for inmates to engage in sexual activity and drug use. Despite the denials of many correctional administrators, sexual activity and illicit drug use do take place in prisons and jails. A survey of inmates in a southeastern state prison system estimated that, on average, 44% of the inmates had sexual contact with other inmates. 1 Studies of US correctional systems published between 1982 and 2002 found that anywhere from 2% to 65% of inmates had homosexual contact while incarcerated. Studies of incoming, current, and former inmates in New York City, Illinois, Canada, Hungary, Thailand, and many other countries showed the prevalence and the riskiness of inmates’ sexual and drug use behaviors. 2–7 Because of the general lack of condoms and sterile needles/syringes, such behavior may involve greater risk within correctional facilities than on the outside. 8 Stated Problem During the early years of the AIDS epidemic, prisons and jails were commonly called breeding grounds for AIDS. Such statements are still made today. A Google search on May 19, 2005, of the terms breeding ground AND HIV AND prisons yielded more than 800 entries from newspapers, United Nations agencies, AIDS activist groups, and human rights organizations around the world. However intended, such opinions imply that unprotected sex and the sharing of drug injection equipment are rampant in prisons and that these activities commonly result in the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Background of problem Overall, there are uncertainties about the extent and the nature of infectious disease transmission within correctional facilities. Some of the aforementioned studies reached qualitative conclusions about the extent of transmission that are not supported by their analyses. Moreover, even when studies estimated the annual incidence of infection among inmates, the meaning and significance of such figures are not clear. On its face, an annual incidence rate of 0. 5% seems low. Yet, if such rates are applied to the total prison population, or even to that proportion of prisoners who engage in high-risk sexual or drug use behaviors, they may translate into substantial numbers of infections. However, even such numbers do not justify the use of metaphors such as â€Å"breeding ground† to characterize correctional facilities. Although some inmates are clearly being infected as a result of drug-related and sexual risk behaviors while incarcerated, the vast majority of cases among inmates probably are the result of exposure while in the general community. Sexually transmitted diseases are known to be more prevalent in correctional facilities. Although, sexual activity is prohibited in prisons sex acts still takes place. Transmitted diseases are higher among jail and prison population because inmates do not have access to condoms. Correctional facilities see giving condoms to inmates as encouraging homosexuality. However, numerous local screening studies and several national literature reviews reveal that women specifically girls in juvenile facilities and women in adult correctional facilities are more likely to have a sexually transmitted disease than men in these type facilities (Hammett, 2009). According, to the HIV and Aids Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Incarceration, among Women National and Southern perspectives study; the prevalence of HIV and other Sexually transmitted diseases are higher amongst female than male population in jail and prison facilities. This study advises the infectious disease HIV is three percent to two percent nationally. However HIV is found to be more common among prisoners released from correctional facilities in the south. In 1999 twenty six percent of people living with HIV were released from prison or jail that year. The study also reflects fifteen percent of women with HIV were correctional releases; the study also suggests that incarceration rates are higher in the south than majority of other regions and most women with HIV are poor African American women from rural areas (Hammett, 2009). However, one must ask themselves does this study reflect inmates going in to serve a sentence or inmates being released from prison. Because there are several ways in which males can contract HIV.

The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political

In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34). The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34).

Marketing Campaigns and Ethical Perspectives

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Session: 3 Subject: The Social and Ethical Perspective of Entrepreneurship Case: A Friend For Life The Glades Company is a small manufacturer. It has produces and marketed a number of different toys and appliances that have done very well in the marketplace. Late last year, the product designer at the company, Tom Bringer, told the President, Paula Glades, that he had invented a small, cuddly, talking bear that might have a great deal of appeal. The bear is made of fluffy brown material that stimulate our, and it had a tape inside that contains 50 messages.The Glades Company decided to find out exactly how much market appeal the bear would have. Fifty of the bears were produced and placed In the kindergartens and nurseries around town. The results were better than the firm had hoped. One of the nurseries reported: â€Å"The bear was so popular that most of the children wanted to take it home for an evening. † Another said the bear was the most t oy in the school. Based on these data, the company decided to manufacture and market 1,000 of the bears. At the same time, a catchy marketing slogan was formulated: â€Å"A Friend For Life. The bear was marketed as a product a child could play with for years and years. The first batch of 1,000 bears sold out within a week. The company then scheduled another production run, this time 25,000 bears. Last week. In the middle of the production run, a problem was uncovered. The process of making the bear fur was much more expensive than anticipated. The company Is now faced with two options: It can absorb the extra cost and have the simulated fur produced, or It can use a bustiest fur that will not last as long.Specifically, the Orlando simulated fur will last for up to seven years of normal use: the less expensive simulated fur will last for only eight months. Some of the managers at Glade believe that most children are not interested in playing with the same toy for more than eight mon ths; therefore, substituting the less-expensive simulated for the more expensive fur should be no problem. Others believe that the company will damage its reputation if it have opts for the substitute fur.We are going to have complaints within eight months, and we are going to repent the day we agreed to a cheaper substitute,† the production manager argues. The sales manager disagrees, contending that â€Å"the market Is ready for this product, and we ought to provide It. † In the middle of this crawls, the accounting department Issued Its cost analysis of the venture. If the company goes with the more expensive simulated fur, it will lose $ 2. 75 per bear. If it chooses the less-expensive simulated The final decision on the matter rests with Paula Glades.People on both sides of the issue have given her their opinion. One of the last to speak was the vice president of manufacturing, who said â€Å"If you opt for the less expensive fur, think of what it is going to do t o your marketing campaign of ‘A Friend For Life. ‘ Are you going to change the slogan to ‘ A Friend For Eight Months'? † But the marketing vice president argued a different course of action: â€Å"We have a fortune tied up in this bear. If you stop production now or go to the more-expensive substitute, we'll lose or shirts. We aren't owing anything illegal by substituting the fur.The bear looks the same. Who's to Questions for discussion: 1 . Is the recommendation of the vice president marketing legal? Is it ethical? Why or why not? The marketing vice president has recommended that production continue using the substitute fur. While this is not illegal, since there are no laws specifically governing what type of simulated fur is used, it is unethical to delude the public into thinking the product is of high quality when the material is actually of low quality. Especially nice the company knows exactly what it is doing in trading away good faith and trust for the sake of profits. . Would it be ethical if the firm used the less expensive simulated fur but did not change its slogan of â€Å"A Friend For Life† and did not tell the buyer about the change in the production process? Why or why not? No, it would not be ethical since the firm had already produced 26,000 bears with the higher quality simulated fur that lasts seven years. The continued production of bears under the same slogan â€Å"A Friend for Life† but with lower-quality simulated fur expected to last only eight months is consumer fraud.Thus, while the legal question may be debated as to the actual fraud, the ethics question is not debatable. This is a prime example of disregard for ethics. 3. If you were advising Paula, What would you recommend? As an adviser to Paula, you should utilize Table 6. 3, which illustrates the various approaches to management ethics. The column dealing with â€Å"moral management† explains the different aspects of ethics concer ned with motives, goals, orientation to the law, and strategy.The strategy segment especially applies to Paula in that she must assume a leadership role when ethical dilemmas arise. In dealing with consumers, enlightened self- interest means that by having concern for others will find that either full disclosure to†¦ One of the most important attributes for small business success, is the distinguishing quality of practicing admirable business ethics. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company's culture and can mean the difference between success and failure

Mudarabah Definition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Finance Essay Type Assignment Level High school Did you like this example? Whats Mudarabah? It is a kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing in a commercial enterprise. The investment comes from the first partner who is called Rab-ul-Maal while the management and work is an exclusive responsibility of the other, who is called Mudarib and the profits generated are shared in a predetermined ratio (Aziz, 2012 pg 7). Types of Mudarabah Restricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Muqayyadah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal is identifying particular business or a particular place for theMudarib, in the case that he shall invest the money in (Chowdhry, 2016 pg. 5) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mudarabah Definition" essay for you Create order Types of Mudarabah Unrestricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Mutlaqah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal provides full freedom toMudarib to undertake whatever business he considers, HoweverMudarib cannot lend money to anyone or do any extraordinary work without the approval ofRab-ul-Maal. He is also not authorized to: Keep another Mudarib or a partner. Mix his own investment in that particular Mudarabah without the consent ofRab-ul-Maal (Anwar, 2011 pg. 30). Business case Durrat Al Bahrain is considered as a hallmark resort island city, Located on the south coast of Bahrain. Offerings over 2000 beachfront villas, 3600 executive apartments and offices, luxury hotels and spa resorts, parks and entertainment (Ma, 2009 pg. 12). On 2003 Development of Durrat Khaleej Al-Bahrain Project launched. Its a US$ 6 billion joint development project owned by the Government of Bahrain and Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain). Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain) owning equal shares (50%) with the Government of Kingdom of Bahrain (Manap, 2017 pg. 10) Transaction Structure 1. Project Feasible study Collection capital Sharing Profit/ Loss Marketing project CBB Insurance Approve project Risk management department evaluate proposed project, and draw scenarios, backup plan. Presented project to CBB insurance for approval, and risk assessment. CBB hold project forecasted capital as guarantee, to reduce risk of project failure and to protect investors. Collecting and marketing project, through adding expected profit from the project. Made will be shared between the capital provider and the entrepreneur according to an agreed ratio, where both parties share in profits and only capital provider bears all the losses if occurred (Nisar, 2007 pg. 31). Why Mudarabah was successful? Low Participation in Profit Loss Sharing Arrangement: They studied the market too well and they considered offering an affordable and realistic rate to the buyers. It is the most secure product based on the feasibility studies that they have done (Nuruzzaman, 2013 pg. 32) The real state projects are always welcome and on high demand in the gulf. Advantages of Mudarabah Although this Quranic verse do not addresses straight forward the validity of mudaraba, it has been interpreted to include the intention of trading and seeking permissible income (Sadique, 2009 pg. 12) Basically, the wordmudarabat/ is derived from the Arabic word Daraba/ Which meansto strike. In Islamic Jurisprudence, mudarabat/ is such trade or business of partnership in which one party provides toanother party the capital and that other party carries on the business. Like all other trade and business the object of this business is also to earn profit by dong a business which isnot prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of? Riba involves. When at the end the business earns profitthe same is distributed among the partners according to thealready agreed conditions. Thusmu darabat/ is akind of Partnership (Shir a kat) in which one partyinvests money and the other party puts his services. Advantages of Mudarabah Earn profit by doing a business which is not prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of Riba involves. When at the end of the business earns profit the same is distributed among the partners according to the already agreed conditions (Khan, 2016 pg. 11) It assists in financial inclusion. Reducing the impact of harmful products and practices. It promotes the principle of financial justice Encouraging stability in investments. Accelerating economic development. Disadvantages (limitation) of Mudarabah Due to greater complexities of Islamic bank transactions, they face a greater difficulties in recognizing and handling risks as compare with a conventional bank. It is difficult to expand a business financed through Mudarabah because of limited opportunities to re-invest retained earnings and/or raising additional funds. TheMudarib cannot become the sole owner of the project except through diminishing Musharakah, which may take a long time PLS (Khaled, 2011 pg. 9) Reference List Anwar, M., 2011. Development Of Mudarabah Instruments: Understanding Their Profitability, Securitization And Negotiability Aspects. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 9(2). Aziz, F., Anjam, M., Fahim, S.M. and Saleem, F., 2012. Mudarabah in Islamic Finance: A Critical Analysis of Interpretation Implications. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5), pp.1236-1243. Chowdhry, S., 2016. Creating an Islamic microfinance model: the missing dimension. Dinar Standard: Business Strategies for the Muslim World. Khaled, M., 2011, June. Building a successful business model for Islamic microfinance. In Global Microcredit Summit Commissioned Workshop Paper. Khan, M.A., 2012. Types of Business Organisation in an Islamic Economy. Quill Publishers. Ma, I.Z.L., 2009. How Islamic Banking System work and operate in Malaysia/Isa Ma Zi Liang (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaya). Manap, A., Hanna, S. and Siththi, F., 2017. Poverty Alleviation via Microfinance using the Concept of Mudharabah.? International journal of management and applied research, 4(3), pp.188-178. Nisar, S., 2007. Islamic Bonds (Sukuk): its introduction and application. Electronic Article at: www. financeinislam. com. Nuruzzaman, M., 2013. Politics, economics and Saudi military intervention in Bahrain. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), pp.363-378. Sadique M.A., 2009. Essentials of Musharakah and Mudarabah: Islamic texts on theory of partnership. IIUM Press.