Membership Record Management System Essay

Presentation In the current occasions were presently in the period of modernization and one of the instances of the advances that has been made is the PC. A PC now a days not just concentrations in the line business, legislative issues, instruction, and financial matters. It additionally puts a significant job regarding religion. Much the same as the religion of Methodist Christian. PCs are utilized to record data, put away date and keep up data about the individuals that includes the foundation. PCs forms are promptly accessible to keep tracks of records, to right information and data to include or erase records and some more. Concerning now a days various types of foundations utilizes PCs as a feature of their regular activity. Record the board for religions is likewise a part influences by the impact of the PCs due to the advanced innovation now a days. Also for that, Methodist prepares PC offices that are extremely basic in an association to utilize. This framework helped different territories that includes in the establishment by moving the manual procedure of their undertaking to mechanize preparing, from manual records to modernize. Furthermore, for that, the defenders have chosen to build up an enrollment record the board framework that will support the said area. 1:1 Background of the examination Joined Methodist Church (UMC) is a Methodist Christian category that is both mainline Protestant and Evangelical. Established in 1968 by the association of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. One of the Church is the Immanuel United Methodist Church in Palawe City of San Fernando Pampanga.This church has no legitimate method of recording the rundown of new part and other data of the congregation. The examination will center about the manual use of enlistment to modernized way. The advocates will build up a framework that will make the enrollment of the individuals simpler and quicker. This framework will assist the congregation with saving, alter, recover and print the records of the individuals. 1.2 Statement of the Problem When were directing the enrollment for the Methodist church were stillâ encountering such a large number of issues on how we will make the enlistment simpler. 1.2.1 General Problem The issue that the facilitators watched and the one that we’re attempting to tackle in the congregation are these: obliging of registrants is moderate, bogus data that has been encoded and they utilize manual strategy in directing the participation for the congregation. 1.2.2 Specific Problems These were the particular issues that we’ve experienced utilizing the current framework: 1. The individuals and overseer of the congregation take a great deal of time in preparing the data for their records. 2. They don’t have a legitimate stockpiling for the records because of that different documents have been misfortune. 3. There is a trouble of finding records since documents are not sorted out appropriately. 4. The encoding of data of the individuals might be mistaken in view of manual encoding. 5. The individuals don’t have a printed duplicate about the data on their enrollment. 1.3 Objective of the Study The Immanuel United Methodist Church Membership Record Management System will make the enlistment of the individuals quicker and simpler. Documents of the individuals will be put away and composed appropriately. 1.3.1 General Objectives To create Membership Record Management System for Immanuel United Methodist Church. The district that we’ve pick is situated in Palawe City of San Fernando Pampanga. The defenders will endeavor to diminish all the issues experienced in the current framework. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1. To build up a framework that will quicker the preparing of the data of the individuals. 2. To build up a framework that will guarantee records security. 3. To build up a framework that will give quick looking and recovery of recorded documents. 4. To build up a framework that will guarantee precise and quick calculation of the complete individuals from the congregation. 5. To build up a framework thatâ will give a printed duplicate of their data. 1.4 Assumption In actualizing the proposed framework the defenders have set the accompanying suppositions. 1. The proposed framework will attach the handling of the data of the individuals.. 2. The proposed framework will guarantee records security. 3. The proposed framework will give quick looking and recovery of recorded documents. 4. The proposed framework will guarantee precise and quick calculation of the absolute individuals from the congregation. 5. The proposed framework will give a printed duplicate of their data. 1.5 Conceptual Framework of the Study 1.6 Significance of the investigation The examination plans to gather some critical data that will help the defenders in building up the proposed framework which is IUMC Membership Record Management System. 1.6.1 Economic Significance With the execution of the proposed framework it will empower the enlistment to make it quicker, increasingly exact, progressively noteworthy, progressively proficient and made sure about. It will likewise have a more splendid side as far as monetary organizations that are include in the congregation that need to think about new innovations and participation framework. 1.6.2 Educational Significance It will fill in as a directing device in making mechanized administration framework for future understudy that need to manage framework the executives. It will help PC understudies in building much better thoughts for their own upgrades. It will likewise fill in as a source of perspective guide for extra data in the field of Information Technology. 1.6.3 Social Significance It will empower the general public to see progressively about the significance of electronic framework in these advanced occasions. With the assistance of the framework abilities of accomplishing the work will be simpler and quicker. 1.6.4 Technological Significance With the assistance of advance innovation now a days these administration related errand are done quicker. To help us now a days, administration in holy places use PCs to have the option to improved more work. The defenders must experience what the innovation can truly do and how it changes the customary everyday practice of work. By utilizing PC types of gear it will improve the presentation of the congregation. 1.7 Scope and Delimitation The advocates accepted that the proposed framework will give the district an incredible assistance and be progressively gainful in playing out their participation. These are the accompanying abilities that the defenders have set: 1. To play out some including, altering, erasing or scanning of records for individuals and what position they have in the congregation. 2. To have a procedure information of each orderly that goes on the congregation. 3. To have a modernized report, data and other accumulated bits of information. 4. To deliver electronic printed duplicate to the part. 5. To play out a most extreme update in every single individuals that been encoded. 1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Record Management-Systematic organization of records and archived data for its whole individuals, data and for the administration that handles the entire framework. Data System-It is a blend of all the hardware’s, software’s and different offices that includes about the framework. As far as arranging, planning, examining and dynamic for the framework. Database-It is a methodicallly sorted out of records that permits simple recovery, refreshing, examination and yield of records that speaks to pretty much every sort of data. Yield it is the data produce by a PC. Director It is an individual that is answerable for dealing with a PC or system and who has full access to the equipment and programming. Individuals These are the people that are include in dealing with the framework. Protestant †an individual from any few church group preventing the all inclusive authority from claiming the Pope and asserting the reconstruction standards of support by confidence alone. Section 2 Survey of Related Literature and Studies Every single instructive investigation requires data from others so they can improve the examination given by the advocates. The advocates assembled other related abstract pieces on going before examination and letters of perceived specialists that would have significant subtleties in connection about the issue that under goes further clarifications whether the related data is by methods for existing papered records, the investigation centers around the affirmations and to additionally make more grounded the beginning of the investigation. 2.1 Review of Related Literature 2.1.1 Foreign LiteratureThe terms record, archive and information are not exchangeable. As indicated by BS15489, a Record is â€Å"Information made, got and kept up as proof as well as data by an association or individual, in compatibility of legitimate commitments or in the exchange of business†. A record must be held as long as it has esteem and is crushed toward the finish of that period. A Document in this manner, is everything else so â€Å"does a ‘document’ truly should be put away at all?† Today with the advances in innovation, chapels have adjusted to change and in specific conditions are tolerating messages and other electronic types of records or correspondences as ‘best evidence’ where bone-fide printed version firsts are not accessible. In the past when houses of worship were searching for answers for expel or lessen costs from their tasks, their first port was to expel old documents from their costly office space and put it into pr ofound capacity in a remote distribution center where the cost was low and access was negligible. This kind of administration would in general be utilized for idle authentic records, as a minimal effort technique for protecting them until the finish of theirâ statutory maintenance period when they could be annihilated. This is the starting points of Document Storage. As enactment and innovation came into place requiring temples and associations to keep records as proof and innovation has created, the need has moved to that of overseeing data. Such a functioning administration, so an association can rapidly and effectively find and recover the

Research Proposal on Banking free essay sample

Presentation Over thirty-five years have gone since scholastics started theorizing on the effect that data innovation (IT) would have on authoritative structure. The discussion is still on-going, and the two scientists and supervisors keep on investigating the connection among IT and authoritative structure. As associations need to process more data under these dubious conditions, IT is one potential path for associations to build their data handling capability.We are leading an examination in HBL bank that, how bank increment the quantity of record holders utilizing Internet banking among its Current Account holders. IT dramatically affects the two people groups individual and expert lives. IT is additionally changing the idea of associations by giving chances to roll out major improvements in the manner they work together. The innovation is evolving quickly, with figuring speeds and the quantities of transistor counterparts accessible in a given zone of a microchip chip both multiplying in extremely brief timeframe. Associations are gaining increasingly more innovation frameworks to help with everything from assembling to the administration of data to the arrangement and improvement of client assistance. Outfitting and organizing this registering power is the test. New devices and imaginative points of view with which to look at, decipher, and fathom these quickly developing conditions are constantly required and looked for. Foundation/Literature View: IT is changing how business is conducted.Computers get ready solicitations, issue checks, monitor the development of stock, and store staff and finance records. Word handling and PCs are changing the examples of office work, and the spread of data innovation is influencing the effectiveness and intensity of business, the structure of the work power, and the general development of financial yield. Numerous individuals accept that the essential main impetus behind this data transformation is progress in microelectronic innovation, especially in the advancement of coordinated circuits or chips.Thus, the explanation that figuring power that used to occupy a room and cost $1 million presently remains on a work area and expenses $500 or that pocket adding machines that used to cost $1000 now cost $10 is that society happens to have profited by a progression of breathtakingly fruitful developments in the field of hardware. Yet, less individuals comprehend why the presentation of data innovation happened when it did or took the way that it did, why information handling preceded word preparing or why PCs changed the workplace condition before they changed the production line environment.Because this innovation situated perspective on the reasons for the data transformation offers little direction to the heading that mechanical advancements have taken so far, it offers little understanding into the course that they will take later on. Electronic banking is one of the principal things that strike a chord when one contemplates the eventual fate of banking. It is commonly expected that electronic banking is new and that it will supplant or enhance numerous channels of conveyance of retail banking administrations. The term electronic banking as utilized here alludes to any financial action got to by electronic means.It incorporates Online Banking, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Automated Call Centers, Digi tal Cash, Internet Banking, Screen Telephones, E-Utility Bills, etc. These channels of conveyance can be utilized for introducing and covering tabs, purchasing and selling protections, moving assets, and giving other budgetary items and administrations. Electronic banking can be utilized for retail banking and business-to-business (B2B) exchanges, just as for encouraging huge sum moves. Similarly significant, electronic banking is an overall phenomenon.As the term is utilized here, it includes exchanges. Sites that are value-based are viewed as electronic banking. Electronic banking and the Internet when all is said in done are driving a move in the manner in which banks and different organizations arrange and the manner in which they consider themselves. A move is occurring from vertical joining to virtual reconciliation. Banks and other monetary middle people must understand that they are in the budgetary data industry. The Internet makes it conceivable to bring the two clients and providers together to share basic business information.E-banking assists manages an account with transferring and show to their customers how great their administrations are, what number of administrations we are giving and that the administrations they offer are of better guidelines. Through E-banking the organization can show the customers that they are superior to contenders and can give them fulfillment ensured. Explanation of the issue The web and the various things it can do to elevate business methods, items and administrations is a present need for business. One of webs items is Electronic banking. Electronic banking is a quicker path for customers to execute with the banks personnel.Clients can in any case execute with banks while on the solace and security of their homes and Offices. The fundamental reason for this proposed look into is to decide, how we will expand Internet Banking Users among their current Account holders. Hypothetical Framework: Increase Internet Banking Users Quality Products (sites) A Bank Manager saw that, in the event that he gives the better Quality Products (Websites) and Low Bank Charges on Internet-Banking to his Account holders. This will build the quantity of Customer of Internet Banking.But it won't influence on those Account holders with less capability and don't utilize web. Capability of record holder and utilization of web Low Bank Charges on Internet Banking Research Objectives: This Research plans to discover, If Bank refreshes its site and gives quality items, simple use and just as lessen its exchange charges on Internet banking will expand the quantity of clients utilizing Internet Banking among its Account holders. Be that as it may, as indicated by the writing audit, the capability of record holder is has a significant im pact in this relationship.Our objective is on the off chance that we increment quality items and lessen its exchange charges on Internet banking will expand the Internet Banking clients. Research Question: * If we increment quality items and diminish its exchange charges on Internet banking will build the Internet Banking clients or not? * Qualification of client and utilization of web is impact on web banking clients or not? Research Design/Methodology: Type of research This exploration will utilize the unmistakable sort of research.Descriptive technique for investigate is to accumulate data about the present existing condition and taking care of the issue. The expressive methodology is snappy and increasingly commonsense monetarily. In addition, this strategy will take into account an adaptable methodology, consequently, when significant new issues and questions emerge during the length of the examination, a further examination might be permitted. The investigation picked to utilize this sort of research considering the objective of the examination to acquire direct information in order to figure judicious and sound ends and suggestions for the investigation. Resea rch StrategyFor this examination information will be accumulated through ordering distributed investigations from various books, articles from various related diaries and contemplates, and other scholarly instruments. A while later make a substance examination of the gathered narrative and verbal material. The investigation will at that point sum up all the important data. The investigation will at that point make an end dependent on the said data and give quick suggestions on the best way to take care of the said issue. Test and Sampling Technique The respondents of the exploration originated from the various parts of bank referenced from Karachi.Due to time requirement and furthermore, for the accommodation of the scientist, just hundred (100) respondents were considered for the investigation. The comfort inspecting procedure was forced in the investigation to get the hundred respondents, predominantly in light of the fact that the accessibility of the respondents from the various branches was thought of. This piece of the investigation is significant on the grounds that the most significant information expected to satisfy the goals and points of this examination might be provided by the respondents from the Branches of HBL bank Karachi. Essential and auxiliary information collection The essential wellspring of information will originate from a review utilizing poll and meetings that will be led by the scientist. The essential information regularly gives the point by point meanings of terms and measurable units utilized in the review. These are typically separated into better groupings. The auxiliary wellspring of information will originate from look into through the web; books, diaries, related examinations and different wellsprings of data. Procuring optional information are increasingly advantageous to utilize on the grounds that they are as of now consolidated and organized.Moreover, examination and translation are accomplished all the more without any problem. Approval of the instrument For approval purposes, the specialist pre-tried an example of the set study polls. This was finished by leading an underlying study to at any rate five respondents from the various banks from Karachi. After the respondents replied, the scientists at that point solicited them to refer to the parts from the survey that needs improvement. The analyst even requested recommendations and adjustments from the respondents to guarantee that the overview poll is effective.Automatically, these five respondents were excluded as respondents for the examination. Information investigation Data assembled will be broke down through recurrence conveyances. These will offer approach to exploring the information classes and the quantity of referrals in every classification. The information procured will be examined by the various classifications and significance. The data that will be accumulated and examined will be critical to accomplish the goals wanted by the examination.

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay Example for Free

Houses of ill-repute and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay In this examination I will concentrate for the most part on the guideline of the two religious communities and massage parlors in the timeframe of Shakespeare and the early Renaissance. Ruth Mazo Karras’ â€Å"The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,† centers precisely around this theme all through England and other European nations during the Renaissance. Concerning the religious circles I will be taking a gander at an article entitled â€Å"Subjects on the World’s Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,† composed by David G. The guidelines of houses of ill-repute in the Renaissance were respected intensely. Karras says that ladies inside these houses of ill-repute were essentially viewed as malevolent and as heathens yet they remained possessing the situation of prostitution exclusively due to the sexual craving of men; these whorehouses were considered â€Å"†¦a important evil† (Karras). The main equal between ladies of religious communities and stews I came to discover was that of the part of being illegal from society it might be said. Ladies of communities were totally separated from general society, no insiders could leave and no outcasts could come in (Allen). The main contrast in the mystery of these two spots was the way that the houses of ill-repute were gone to by men. Karras likewise expresses that the ladies of houses of ill-repute were not given any rights that customary ladies had, â€Å"In a few spots, she was not permitted to dismiss any client, without a doubt couldn't be as saulted on the grounds that she was considered to have a place with all men and in this way reserved no option to retain consent† (Karras). These two parts of women’s lives in this timeframe have a significant influence in the dramatization Measure for Measure, and particularly set up the scene in the initial demonstration of the play. When Claudio sends for his sister, Isabel, to assist him with escaping prison, in which he was condemned to death for having pre-marriage (by the eyes of the congregation) sex with Juliet, Isabel leaves the religious community where she was going to take her pledges so as to spare her sibling. Hence, we have a nearly cloister adherent and evil intercourse promptly in Act 1, both straightforwardly identified with the possibility of communities and massage parlors and the ladies inside these spots. For this situation, be that as it may, Juliet isn't a whore however according to Angelo and the law is viewed as one on account of her and Claudio’s informal and lacking marriage. Houses of ill-repute and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure. (2016, Oct 13). We have papers on the accompanying points that might bear some significance with you

Essay Sample - Writing Your Student Essay

Essay Sample - Writing Your Student EssayAn essay sample contains the main ideas and points that you need to include in your essay. Although some may argue that writing a full essay is not as important as these samples can be a good practice in creating an essay. The sample will help you determine what should be written in the body of your essay and what should be left out.You may also decide to use a sample because it is more readable than the full-blown essay you would write. Therefore, it can help you decide whether to rewrite the essay or not. Using a sample can also assist you in picking up some of the style and conventions that are commonly used in writing essays.If you have been able to use samples correctly, it would seem that this is enough to get an A in school. However, as we all know, there are always more things to consider. What if there are questions that you have not thought of?When considering a specific essay sample, you must consider the characteristics of the stud ent who has actually written the essay. Sometimes, an essay sample may not be suitable for students in certain majors. However, other times, an essay sample is perfect.When you have decided on a sample that works well for your school and students, you must remember that there are examples from other writers, such as Anthony Trollope, Shakespeare, and Twain. When you know what you are looking for, you may choose the samples that are most appropriate. However, there are many people who have never picked up an essay sample in their lives. Therefore, they cannot be the best person to answer your question.There is another additional problem to consider. If you get your essay for an essay test, it is likely that it will be compared to other samples. If your sample is better than the sample that has already been read, your score will be lower.So, although samples can be helpful, they should not be the only thing you consider when trying to write an essay. You should choose carefully the sa mple that will help you write your essay the best way.

Essay on The Causes and Effects of Divorce - 500 Words

From past to present people all over the world have determined to live together, or â€Å"get married†. Marriage can be a beautiful thing, but some couples are unable to maintain their relationship, because they choose divorce as a solution to cope with the problems between husband and wife. Furthermore divorce is definitely on a rise. The effects of divorce can be detrimental to a family, but the causes of divorce can be just as bad. In this essay we will cover one of the main causes of divorce and one of the main effects. One of the main causes that marriages are not lasting is the change in the roles of woman today. Prior to the 1980’s it was the man’s responsibility to earn money and financially provide for his family, whereas the†¦show more content†¦Now women share an equal role in businesses and work outside of just maintaining a clean house. Now that women can earn just as much money as men they don’t have to rely on anyone to bring, so they can separate from their significant others a lot easier. One of the biggest effects of divorce is the effect it has on our children. Most couples get married and have children shortly after, and all decision made by the couples directly affect their children. Studies show that divorce has one of the most negative effects on children. Children living in single parent homes are more likely to be pregnant as teenagers, drop out of high school, abuse drugs and have behavioral issues. Furthermore due to the high dropout rates of single parent children they often have hard times finding jobs due to their lack of education. Often times we will see that children from broken homes will also have issues maintaining long term relationships as well. Studies show that children who parents are divorced or separated marriages will end in divorce as well. One last scary effect of divorce is that 92 percent of inmates in California State correctional facilities are products of singl e parent homes; in other words at some point when they were children their parents either divorced or became separated. In conclusion due to changes in roles of both women and men divorce is on the rise, and is leaving a huge negative on the ones we love most our children. DivorceShow MoreRelated The Causes And Effects Of Divorce Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesforever. This situation leads to the phenomenon called divorce, which unfortunately is becoming more common than ever before, and it is drastically bringing new effects in the lives of those individuals involved. Some causes for divorce vary from couple to couple, but the most frequent ones tend to be, change of women’s role in society, lack of communication, and lack of trust in the relationship. One significant cause that leads to divorce is the change in women’s roles. 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John Maynard Keynes Multiplier Effect - 1603 Words

John Maynard Keynes: Multiplier Effect In 1931, a British economist named Richard Kahn introduced what is known as the multiplier effect. In Kahn’s article, â€Å"The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment†, he first introduced the multiplier effect which in turn ended up being his most notable contribution to the field of economics (Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn.). The multiplier effect can be defined as how aggregate expenditure, for example government spending, causes an increase in output. According to Investopedia, the multiplier effect showed that any type of government spending results in cycles that increase employment and prosperity, no matter what kind of spending it is Beattie, Andrew). With that being said, how much money should†¦show more content†¦Although Keynes passed away in 1946, he is considered arguably the most influential economist of the 20th century and event today we continue to see some economic ideas originated from Keynes. The primary concept surrounding the multiplier is that once money is filtered into the economy, people will continue to spend that money. Theoretically, if people saved no money, by Keynesian Economics, the economy would be a perfect, unstoppable engine running at full employment (Beattie, Andrew). Unfortunately, people do save money and the economy isn’t perfect. Keynesians argued that the more that the government can get people to spend all of the income, the closer to perfection the economy would be. With that being said, Keynesians attempted to counteract savings by taxing savings. This would ultimately cause more people to spend their money rather than save it, because why would people save if they have to pay to save? Keynes’ defined the multiplier to be 1/(1-MPC), where MPC stands for the Marginal Propensity to Consume. Although, what does â€Å"Marginal Propensity to Consume† mean? 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John Maynard Keynes was an important figure that worked to apply fiscal policy that would remedy an economic depression. Keynes’s idea of fiscal policy is the means by which government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence the economy. Further, Keynes is known as the father of â€Å"Mixed Economy†, in which both the private sector (households and privately owned businesses)Read MoreJohn Maynard Keynes Transformed Economics In The 20Th Century1507 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Maynard Keynes transformed economics in the 20th century by challenging traditionalist thinking and the postulates that underpinned their theories. Keynes disagreed with the laissez faire attitude of the classical thinkers, and argued for greater government intervention due to his belief that the focus should be on demand side macroeconomics rather than supply side. This belief transpired because of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent depression that highlighted the shortcomingsRead MoreIS, LM model and explanations(in the form of an essay).1350 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: During the years after World War II, the development of the IS-LM model took several directions. Probably, the most prominent ideas on that theory were expressed in the work of John Hicks called Mr. Keynes and the Classics. The model expressed in the article was largely based on the works of John Maynard Keynes and became a widely accepted as the alternative framework to standard Keynesian analysis. The IS-LM model is a way of modelling equilibrium in the economy by looking at equilibrium in

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762000-219075 Essay Essaynuclear weapons have made the world a more dangerous place GROUP10 HamadsaeedALshamsi(BSBAW 171023) HamadhadefAlshamsi(BSBAW -171024) Khalifaibrahimalhamadi(BSBAW -171014) Does the spread of nuclear weapons make the world safer or more dangerous? Most people usually have an instinctive reply to this question: Of course, it makes things more dangerous. How could it not? It might seem surprising, therefore, that not all nuclear analysts agree, and the debate remains unresolved. Like so many of the issues relating to nuclear weapons, the debate is built largely on speculation and ambiguous historical experience. Nuclear weapons remain attractive to insecure or ambitious states. In regional rivalries such as the subcontinent, East Asia, and the Middle East,the bomb still has influence. Whatever else one has to say and presumably not much has been left unsaid about the nuclear strategy of the past six decades nuclear status still imparts extraordinary prestige and power. The nine current members of the nuclear weapon club still possess about 27,000 operational nuclear weapons of various types between them. At least another 15 countries have on hand enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear weapon. Since 1945, many influential voices have expressed alarm that the spread of nuclear weapons will inevitably lead to world destruction. So far, that prediction has not been proved right. But is that because of effective efforts to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, or, to borrow a phrase from former Secretary of State Dean Acheson, after the Cuban Missile Crisis, just plain dumb luck?Nuclear proliferation remains urgent not just because of the risk of a terrorist organization getting its hands on nuclear weapons, but because the proliferation of weapons necessarily means a proliferation of nuclear deterrents. Nuclear weapons have long been a force multiplier, able to make up for imbalances in conventional military power. Paradoxically,then, the unassailable lead of the United States in military power and technology might actually invite other nations to acquire the bomb as a way to influence or even deter American foreign policy initiatives. The lesson of the first Gulf War, one Indi an general was reported as saying,is that you do not go to war with the United States without the bomb, the 2003 invasion of Iraq serving as yet another glossy advertisement of the protective power of a nuclear arsenal. This is not a new development. It is, in fact, a lesson American policymakers have been concerned about for some time, and one for which no easy solution seems likely. Bill Clintons Secretary of Defense, Les Aspin, outlined the problem in December 1993:During the Cold War, our principal adversary had conventional forces in Europe that were numerically superior. For us, nuclear weapons were the equalizer. The threat to use them was present and was used to compensate for our smaller numbers of conventional forces. Today, nuclear weapons can still be the equalizer against superior conventional forces. But today it is the United States that has unmatched conventional military power, and it is our potential adversaries who may attain nuclear weapons. Accordingly, Aspin concluded, the United States could wind up being the equalized. To take an earlier example, John F. Kennedy acknowledged in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis that even a small number of nuclear weapons could deter even the most powerful states. A central element of the proliferation debate revolves around the perceived effectiveness of nuclear deterrence. If deterrence works reliably, as optimists argue, then there is presumably less to be feared in the spread of nuclear weapons. But if nuclear deterrence does not work reliably,pessimists maintain, more nuclear weapons states will presumably lead not just to a more complicated international arena but a far more dangerous one. A Lesson Before Dying EssayMoreover, recent scholarship in the fields of history and deterrence theory questions deeply held beliefs regarding how nuclear weapons might influence the behaviour of national decision-makers. For example, declassified official documents from the Cold War reveal occasions when nuclear catastrophe was avoided by luck or seemingly random events rather than by the clearly identifiable operation of nuclear deterrence. There are further examples where existential characteristics of alerted nuclear forces appear to have caused crises that nearly resulted in their use. Finally, a growing number of strategists and technical and political elites regard nuclear weapons and deterrence theory as anachronistic. Some view the whole idea of nuclear weapons as out of step with todays global threats, understanding of power and notions of human rights and the rule of law. Emerging structural changes in the international system (such as globalisation) undercut traditional theories of nuclear deterrence, while trends in information technology make possible much more agile and discriminate forms of military power. These arguments dovetail with others that assert that our greater understanding of the Earths environmental systems and humankinds interdependence with those systems has made eliminating nuclear weapons more salient. A quite limited exchange of nuclear weapons against urban areas could trigger or accelerate global climatic catastrophe (cooling rather than warming), leading to the deaths of millions who had been uninvolved in the conflict itself. Many citizens, scientists and laymen alike, view nuclear-weapons abolition as an essential milestone in the development of human civilisation, a moral, ideological and practical campaign that could catalyse the transformation of international relations and improve the outlook for civilisation at a critical time. Humanity stands at an historic juncture, facing multiple interconnected threats within a compressed timescale. Besides the potential use of nuclear weapons, these include environmental degradation, resource scarcity, climate change, overpopulation, global disease pandemics, financial crises and natural disasters. The sort of international cooperation needed to reduce the number of nuclear weapons is similar to that needed to address these other transnational threats. Elimination of nuclear weapons would at least symbolically improve the chances of successfully addressing other existential threats. Obama, and others who seek a world without nuclear weapons, are right. Eliminating nuclear weapons is profoundly in the national-security interest of the United States and its allies and friends. Without major progress towards the elimination of nuclear arms, moreover, it is unlikely that the world will be able to avoid nuclear use for a prolonged period or respond adequately to security challenges related to climate change, resource scarcity and environmental degradation. The international community must reject the myths and expose the risks of the ideology of nuclear deterrence if it is to successfully meet the mutual global challenges of the twenty-first century.